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Cardioid

Cardioid mics have great rejection to the back of the mic. They are great for keeping extra noise from the stage out of the mic.
Microphones with this pattern include:

Super-Cardioid

Super-Cardioid has more rejection than the Cardioid but develops a small lobe directly to the back of the mic.
Microphones with this pattern include:

Hyper-Cardioid

Hyper-Cardioid has even more rejection than the Super-Cardioid but also has a larger lobe to the back of the mic.

Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional miss pic up equally around the entire mic.
Microphones with this pattern include:


Additional Resources
Pattern Source